Imposing accurate wall boundary conditions in corrective‐matrix‐based moving particle semi‐implicit method for free surface flow

Corrective matrix that is derived to restore consistency of discretization schemes can significantly enhance accuracy for the inside particles in the Moving Particle Semi‐implicit method. In this situation, the error due to free surface and wall boundaries becomes dominant. Based on the recent study on Neumann boundary condition (Matsunaga et al, CMAME, 2020), the corrective matrix schemes in MPS are generalized to straightforwardly and accurately impose Neumann boundary condition. However, the new schemes can still easily trigger instability at free surface because of the biased error caused by the incomplete/biased neighbor support. Therefore, the existing stable schemes based on virtual particles and conservative gradient models are applied to free surface and nearby particles to produce a stable transitional layer at free surface. The new corrective matrix schemes are only applied to the particles under the stable transitional layer for improving the wall boundary conditions. Three numerical examples of free surface flows demonstrate that the proposed method can help to reduce the pressure/velocity fluctuations and hence enhance accuracy further.     

Deciphering the Structure and Chemical Composition of Drug Nanocarriers: From Bulk Approaches to Individual Nanoparticle Characterization

Drug nanocarriers (NCs) with sizes usually below 200 nm are gaining increasing interest in the treatment of severe diseases such as cancer and infections. Characterization methods to investigate the morphology and physicochemical properties of multifunctional NCs are key in their optimization and in the study of their in vitro and in vivo fate. Whereas a variety of methods has been developed to characterize “bulk” NCs in suspension, the scope of this review is to describe the different approaches for the NC characterization on an individual basis, for which fewer techniques are available. The accent is put on methods devoid of labelling, which could lead to artefacts. For each characterization method, the principles and approaches to analyze the data are presented in an accessible manner. Aspects related to sample preparation to avoid artefacts are indicated, and emphasis is put on examples of applications. NC characterization on an individual basis allows gaining invaluable information in terms of quality control, on: i) NC localization and fate in biological samples; ii) NC morphology and crystallinity; iii) distribution of the NC components (drugs, shells), and iv) quantification of NCs’ chemical composition. The individual characterization approaches are expected to gain increasing interest in the near future.     

托卡马克中局域磁扰动引起的高能量离子损失研究

基于单粒子导心运动代码ORBIT，采用测试粒子模拟方法，研究了托卡马克等离子体内部不同径向位置处局域磁场扰动对高能量离子的损失的影响。研究表明，在局域磁扰动主要分布在某磁面附近、其环向具有类似纹波场形式下，可造成一些靠近等离子体中心区域的高能量离子损失，但对靠近等离子边界的离子损失影响相对不大。这些损失的高能量离子均为捕获离子，离子的投掷角越大就越容易损失。此外，造成高能量离子最大损失率的局域场径向位置与这些损失离子的初始径向位置通常存在一定的偏移，而且这个偏移与这些离子的能量密切相关。当局域场出现在某些位置时，能量较低的离子会有一定的损失，能量较高的离子反而不会损失。     

An experimental method for eliminating effect of rigid out-of-plane motion on 2D-DIC

The out-of-plane motion is one of the most important factors that affect the precision of two-dimensional digital image correlation (2D-DIC). In this paper, a novel solution is presented to improve conventional 2D-DIC by eliminating the effect of out-of-plane motion, including translation and rotation. Firstly, an experimental technique using two projected laser strips is proposed to measure the out-of-plane motion of a planar specimen. A theoretical model is then established to predict the pseudostrains caused by out-of-plane motion based on the pin-hole imaging model. Using the measured out-of-plane displacement, the captured deformed images used in 2D-DIC are amended to eliminate the effect of out-of-plane motion by the theoretical model. Finally, two experiments were conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Results indicate that application of the proposed method can effectively eliminate the errors caused by out-of-plane motion.     

Controllable tomography phase microscopy

Tomography phase microscopy (TPM) is a new microscopic method that can quantitatively yield the volumetric 3D distribution of a sample׳s refractive index (RI), which is significant for cell biology research. In this paper, a controllable TPM system is introduced. In this system a circulatory phase-shifting method and piezoelectric ceramic are used which enable the TPM system to record the 3D RI distribution at a more controllable speed, from 1 to 40 fps, than in the other TPM systems reported. The resolution of the RI distribution obtained by this controllable TPM is much better than that in images recorded by phase contrast microscopy and interference tomography microscopy. The realization of controllable TPM not only allows for the application of TPM to the measurement of kinds of RI sample, but also contributes to academic and technological support for the practical use of TPM.     

不同变质程度煤的高分辨率透射电镜分析

利用高分辨率透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)分析了三种不同变质程度煤样的结构特征。基于傅里叶-反傅里叶变换方法,并结合Matlab、Arcgis和Auto CAD软件,通过图像分析技术,获得了HRTEM照片的晶格条纹参数。结果表明,三种煤样的晶格条纹呈现不同特征,按条纹长度分别归属于1×1-8×8共计八个类型。以3×3为临界点,在1×1和2×2中,ML-8中芳香层片的比例高于DP-4和XM-3;在3×3-8×8中,ML-8中芳香层片的比例低于DP-4和XM-3。对比HRTEM和XRD参数d002发现,随着镜质组反射率的增加d002都呈现递减趋势。     

Modified Lagrangian vortex method with improved boundary conditions for water waves past a thin bottom‐standing barrier

Herein, the modified Lagrangian vortex method (LVM), a hybrid analytical‐numerical algorithm per se, is devised to simulate the process of vortex formation and shedding from the sharp edge of a zero‐thickness vertical plate under linear water‐wave attack. Application of the Helmholtz decomposition facilitates a convenient switch between the inviscid‐ and viscous‐flow models, thereby enabling easy incorporation of vorticity effects into the potential‐flow calculations for the viscous‐dominated region. In evaluating the potential‐flow component, making good use of the quickly convergent technique with singular basis functions, correctly capturing the singular behavior in velocity fields near the tip of the plate, leads to a considerable reduction of computational burdens and to 12‐decimal‐place accuracy. The viscous correction is carried out via the meshless LVM with improved boundary conditions. Comparisons with previously published results show good agreement. Simulations of vortex generation and evolution illuminate the ability of the present method, and provide a supplement to pertinent experimental works. The hybrid scheme proposed herein allows flexibility for the former LVM and convenience in the code development. Such a compromise fits particularly well for the high‐resolution modeling of sharp‐edged vortex shedding without heavy numerical developments. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

颗粒毛细效应影响因素的离散元分析

颗粒毛细效应是指将一根细管插入填充有颗粒物质的容器中并对管施加竖直振动时颗粒在管内上升并最终达到一个稳定的高度的现象, 该现象为颗粒物料的逆重力输运提供了一种潜在的技术途径. 为探究颗粒毛细效应的影响因素, 采用离散元方法, 模拟再现了颗粒毛细效应过程,展示了不同管径下颗粒竖直方向速度演变特性, 考察了不同容器宽度和振动条件下颗粒最终毛细上升高度随管径的演变规律. 结果表明, 在容器宽度与粒径比为40、管振幅与粒径比为14.33、管振动频率为12 Hz情况下, 管径与粒径比$D/d = 3.33$时, 管内颗粒堵塞严重, 使得颗粒上升缓慢,并造成颗粒柱中断; $D/d = 8.33$时, 起初毛细上升高度增加迅速, 随后毛细上升高度的增大逐渐减缓, 管内颗粒在管径方向几乎不存在速度梯度; $D/d =15$时, 随着颗粒毛细上升高度的增大, 管内颗粒柱分离为速度截然不同的两层, 上层颗粒在管径方向几乎不存在速度梯度, 而下层颗粒存在明显的速度梯度.研究还发现, 在毛细效应能够发生的管径范围内, 存在一个对应于颗粒最终毛细上升高度最大值的临界管径, 当管径小于临界管径时, 颗粒最终毛细上升高度随管径的增大而增大, 当管径大于临界管径时, 颗粒最终毛细上升高度随管径的增大而趋于减小; 增大容器宽度,临界管径有所增大; 增大振幅、适当提高频率能够有效促进临界管径的增大.